disinfection, storage

sedimentation, filteration

controlled parameters

2 hourly and 4 hourly for raw, coagulated, settled and treated

jar test, dosing, coagulation, flocculation

raw water parameters are to be recorded, jar test is carried out to determine the optimum dosage for coagulation

hyrated lime is used for pH adjustment than aluminium sulphate is added, graph is plotted to get the optimum dosage of those chemicals which will be used later on in this process



silos where hydrated lime is stored

slurry tank where hydrated lime solution is prepared

metering pump for hydrated lime and aluminium sulphate

dosing points




a good jar test should by right represents a correct / optimum dosage and adequate coagulation for flocculation, resulting a good end product.

AL₂(SO4)₃.14H₂O + 3Ca(OH) ₂ → 2Al(OH) ₃ ↓+ 3CaSO₄ + 14H₂O

aeration (or aerification)

Adding oxygen to remove dissolved gases in water , to oxidized and convert undesirable substances (i.e Iron and Manganese ) to a more manageable form.

4Fe²⁺ + O₂ + 10H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃ ↓ + 8H⁺

2Mn²⁺ + O₂ + 2H₂O → 2MnO₂ ↓ + 4H⁺

these reaction may be happened in this stage where both ferrous iron and manganese are oxidized forming a non-soluble substances and removed after aeration.

water purification process

step by step water treatment process

1. Aeration-adding oxygen to the water
2. Pre-dosing - pH adjustment for optimization of coagulation
3. Chemical dosing for coagulation
4. Flocculation
5. Sedimentation
6. Filteration
7. Post-dosing - pH adjustment
6. Disinfection

raw water sources

INTAKE

raw water is typically comes from rivers, lakes or man made water dam. from here it is pumped to the water treatment plant (after this will be only wtp). normally it will be a pump house with several numbers of pumps with various sizes, types and designed performances as needed by the particular wtp.
crucial parameters at this point are pH, turbidity, NH3,Al2,Fe3,Mn,color and TDS. it must be in a range of the MOH standard.any violation on these parameter might affect the end product.other than that, current water level must be within the range and also clear any debris on coarse screen that may reduce the performance of pumping operation. daily monitoring is the best way as this is also considered as one of the WSP control point.